Before the germ theory was even a thought, physicians relied on the Humoral theory. This theory believed in balancing the four humors — blood (sanguine), black bile (also known as melancholic), yellow bile (choleric), and phlegm (phlegmatic). Physicians also used many unusual health remedies and cures to help people. Some were benign, others outlandish, and some downright lethal. A mixture of these remedies and cures in the 1700s and 1800s are listed below.
Baths
In general by the mid-1800s, most people knew that bathing was healthy. John Bell, M.D., wrote a whole book about bathing titled, Water, as a Preservative of Health, and a Remedy in Disease: A Treatise on Baths. It was published in 1859 and in it Bell claimed, 'the watery regimen … [besides] cleansing, purifying, and invigorating the human frame … [is] a soother and comforter to the mind, and next to fresh and pure air, the best dispeller of the vapours and spasms of fitful hysteria and of gloomy hypochondriasis — the best cosmetic for beauty, the best cordial for care.'[1] Thomas Harrison Yeoman, M.D., edited a compilation of health remedies and cures titled The People's Medical Journal and Family Physician. It was published in 1850, contained a section on bathing, and noted bathing preserved the health and invigorated the body.
Soap Advertisement. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
- While researching on Victorian apothecary shops and druggist, it was interesting to find so many remedies that were used in the period. I would never think of using such substances in today's world. Here is the link to the three parts during the tv show.
- Below is some insight into the Victorian apothecary. Early in the period, apothecaries were considered doctors as not only did they prepare medicines and remedies for patients, but they also treated patients, dressed wounds and performed minor surgeries for a fee.
- Popular home remedies, such as Allen's Cocaine Tablets, could be purchased for just 50 cents a box and offered relief for everything from hay fever, catarrh, throat troubles, nervousness.
- Rare antique French blue glass apothecary chemist pharmacy bottles Late 1800s Dimensions of each bottle: 2.4 inches in diameter on the bottom (6cm), 6.8 inches high (17cm) The blue glass has a great colour With a paper contents labels Each bottles has its original stopper lid, made of metal These would make a pretty display for a chemist drugstore decor, medecine collection etc A perfect gift.
Cannabis appeared in Western medicine through William O'Shaughnessy's studies with the British East India Company in the 1830s; he saw it as an effective prescription for pain.Soon patent medicine.
Both Yeoman and Bell believed in several types of bath ranging from cold to hot, and they found many instances where bathing was beneficial. In fact, Bell claimed there was 'ample historic precedent and contemporaneous usage in [bathing's] favour.'[2] Bell also stated that cold baths helped 'various febrile diseases,' inflammation of the joints, injuries from sprains and fractures, 'fevers, inflammations, hemorrhages, convulsive affections … and irritative disorders [and in some instances cured scarlet fever].'[3] Yeoman noted that cold baths invigorated and hardened a constitution.
Hot baths were also beneficial. Yeoman stated that they helped those who had a 'retention of urine [as hot baths] … afford great relief, and will frequently excite the bladder to expel its contents.'[4] Additionally, he commented that the effects of hot baths were 'an acceleration of the pulse; a softening of the muscular structure; a sudden expansion of the liquids of the body; a loss of fluid by transpiration.'[5] Bell agreed but he also stated that hot baths were helpful with illness and among these illness mentioned were croup, cholera infantum, gout, or rheumatism. If you are interested in learning more about baths for medicinal purposes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, click here.
Bloodletting and Leeches
Although some doctors cautioned against bloodletting many physicians believed in it. Yeoman's book claimed that 'in blood-letting we possess a power of controlling pneumonic inflammation, the efficacy of which has been acknowledged in all ages, and is obvious, indeed, to the most superficial observer.' With such a view it is no wonder bloodletting was prescribed for numerous complaints.
Leeches were also used everywhere on the human body, and sometimes many were used at the same time. That was the case for Eliza de Feuillide (Jane Austen‘s cousin) when she was being treated for swelling in the breast. Yeoman thought an 'inflamed heart' required the application of 40 leeches, which was then repeated up to 4 times at intervals between 4 and 12 hours. Another supposed superb use for leeches was 'when the glands in the neck are swollen and painful.'[6] Besides leeches he also recommended a lotion composed of 'spirit of wine' and water be applied. Pleurisy required leeches to be applied on the affected side, because according to a Dr. Ellitson, 'nothing can be more beautiful … than the treatment of an acute ease of inflammation.'[7]
It was hard to know when a leech was full, but Thomas Shepherd from Bolton, England, claimed experiments had been conducted to determine when they were full. He maintained 'a leech weighing three drachms, weighs six drachms and [a] half when filled to repletion, and that the blood which escapes afterwards from the puncture amounts to about three drachms and a half — so that the average loss of blood by the application of one leech may be estimated at something less than an ounce.'[8]
Bread
Many people got boils and a supposed effective remedy was to soak a heel of homemade bread in boiling water, squeeze out the excess water, mix in a pinch of baking soda with the soaked bread, wrap that in a freshly boiled cloth and apply it to the affected area. The idea of bread may have come from the early Egyptians, who used moldy bread on boils to cure them. However, bread was not the only cure recommended for boils. Sarsaparilla, blood fortifying treatments, and bee remedies were at one point or another also considered successful in curing boils.
Calomel and Opium
Yeoman's book offered calomel and opium as a remedy for acute rheumatism. Doctors claimed 'local applications to the affected joints are of little service — or, rather, in most cases of no service at all. This remark applies equally to fomentations, cold lotions, rubefacient liniments, plasters, and blisters.'[9] However, one supposedly successful remedy, beside bloodletting, was a combination of calomel (which was also called mercurous chloride) and opium, as this combination was said to often 'arrest the disease.'
Chloroform
A Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh suggested that chloroform was the proper medication for childbirth. According to Simpson its effects 'have been delightful. The mothers, instead of crying and suffering under the strong agonies and throes of labour, have lain in a state of quiet, placid slumber.'[10]
Old Bottles of Chloroform. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Cold Water
Cold water was prescribed for fevers in several different ways in Yeoman's book. Another doctor claimed that if a person's temperature 'be steadily above 98°… and should there be no pulmonic affection, or general profuse sweating, and the patient does not say he is chilly, you may take him from the bed, and pour a pail of cold water over him. After this cold effusion, the patient must be dried and placed in bed; and as soon as he grows hot again, the same plan may be resorted to. This makes him exceedingly comfortable, frequently induces perspiration and sends the patient to sleep, and occasionally it stops the fever.'[11]
Condom
A doctor by the named of I.E. Shute tried everything to stop a nosebleed and 'finally thought of inflating a condom in the cavity.'[12] It was first greased and then a soft catheter pushed into it before that was pushed into the nostril and inflated. The condom was left there over night and the next morning the bleeding stopped. Shute also said he used a condom twice to staunch the blood flow in gunshot wounds and on several occasion as a tampon.
Crowfoot Plant
There were numerous health remedies to destroy warts, but one that was said to be effective involved a crowfoot plant, such a buttercup, as it was claimed to be a slow, but effective method. The procedure was 'on breaking the stalk of the crowfoot plant in two, a drop of milky juice will be observed to hang on the upper part of the stem; if this be allowed to drop on a wart, so that it be well saturated with the juice, in about three or four dressing the warts will die.'[13]
Epsom or Glauber's Salts
In 1896, Lyman Abbott compiled a two-volume book for household use titled The House and Home. In the book an article titled 'Hygiene in the Home' was written by J. West Roosevelt, M.D, that discussed poisoning. One of the suggestions Roosevelt gave was that if someone was poisoned by lead, the best remedy was large doses of Epsom or Glauber's salts and stimulating drinks, such as coffee.
Flower of Sulphur
To protect against toothache and prevent bad breath, one suggestion was to brush after dinner with a hard toothbrush using flowers of sulphur as they had anti-fungal and antiseptic properties and therefore may have been beneficial to the teeth.
Flour
Burns and scalds were said to be helped with flour. According to Yeoman, 'No cold application ought ever to be employed; it may allay the pain for a short time, but it will only be for a short time; for, as the cold application becomes warm, the pain returns and becomes intolerable.'[14] Instead, the suggestion was flour be 'dusted on with a dredger, and … thickly strewed over the injured part, and some little distance beyond it, as frequently the inflammation of the skin spreads farther than … expected.'[15] The flour dusted part was then wrapped in a cambric or thin linen handkerchief.
Ginger Root
This could be used as syrup or tincture and was said to be a stimulant for gout, colic, or indigestion. It also served as an adjunct to 'griping purgatives.' Interestingly, ginger and ginger root are still used today for indigestion and for nausea relief, particularly in pregnant women.
Horseradish
Horseradish is better known as a pungent companion of roast beef than a medicinal cure, but doctors in Yeoman's book claimed it possessed many valuable properties, especially for rheumatism and dropsy. It was also claimed to be effective for chronic hoarseness. The recipe for hoarseness was simple: one drachm of scraped horseradish combined with two ounces of boiling water. This created a syrup and the patient's dose was 'a teaspoonful taken often and slowly, so that it may glide gradually over the back part of the throat and top of the windpipe.'[16]
Iodine
Some practitioners in Yeoman's book considered iodine to possess expectorant properties and ordered patients to inhale it.
Lemon Juice
G. O. Rees, M.D. suggested that to aid chronic rheumatism sufferers should use applications of lemon juice, from one to two ounces every four to six hours. Rees claimed:
'[He had] used lemon-juice with very great advantage. I allude to such as are connected with deposit of lithate of soda in and about the smaller joints … the continued use of lemon-juice in combination with small doses of the tincture of the sesquichloride of iron, and in several instances have effected absorption of deposits which have resisted all other plans of treatment. A case of the above description was lately reported to me, in which like success attended the administration of the lemon-juice alone. The patient, a lady, had been a cripple for several years, and was eventually restored by persevering in the use of the remedy for six or eight weeks.'[17]
Limit Star Gazing
Some doctors claimed that 'without sufficient intervals of repose'[18] eyesight could be dimmed, damaged, or complete lost when reading in moonlight or when gazing at the moon, even with a telescope. So, the recommendation was to limit star gazing.
Mercury
Mercury was dispensed in little blue pills, known as 'blue mass.' It was prescribed for apoplexy (stroke or hemorrhage), constipation, depression, melancholy, toothache, and venereal disease. Sufferers were supposed to take one pill twice or three times a day. Of course, such doses, today would amount to levels deemed unsafe and result in mercury poisoning.
Muriatic Acid
One preparation for the removal of freckles included muriatic acid. The mixture was one drachm of muriatic acid, one pint of distilled water, and two drachms of eau de cologne (a perfume from Cologne, Germany). This was then applied with a sponge to a cleansed face and neck two or three times a day.
Victorian Apothecary Remedies Reviews
Myrrh
In the 1800s, many people objected to brushing their teeth both morning and night. However, one dentist suggested that if you had to choose, brush at night. The dentist suggested using a 'tolerably hard brush,' brushing more at the back of the mouth than the front, and using 'a tea-spoonful of tincture of myrrh to a tumbler of [warm] water.'[19] The dentist had a reason for brushing at night versus the morning:
'[T]eeth have the accumulations of the day on and around them; during the night the doors and windows of the room are closed, and probably we are snugly ensconced in bed, with the curtains drawn closely around us — a very bad practice, by the way — and thus we are inhaling a heated and unwholesome atmosphere … and all the deposit which should have been removed is diligently engaged in its work of destruction.'[20]
Victorian Apothecary Remedies Natural
Myrrh. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Oatmeal Paste
This was prescribed for chapped hands and consisted of 4 ounces of lard, 6 ounces honey, 8 ounces oatmeal, 3 egg yolks, and 1 ounce powdered gum arable. The honey and gum were mixed first, followed by the eggs and the lard. The well mixed combination was added to the oatmeal to form a paste. Supposedly, when used it left 'the skin exceedingly soft and supple.'[21]
Mustard Poultice
A poultice is a warm, moist mass, made from herbs, and spread on a cloth or over the skin to relieve aching, inflamed, or painful spots on the body. In this case, a mustard poultice, made from powdered mustard was recommended for an inflamed sore throat.
Reading Aloud with the Teeth Closed
If you stammered, the suggestion was to read aloud with your teeth closed for two hours a day, for three or four months.
Recital
If you lisped, doctors had a cure. It was the RAPID and emphatic recital of the following as it was claimed it prove to be 'an infallible cure for lisping.'[22]
'Hobbs meets Snobbs and Kobbs;
Hobbs bobs to Snobbs and Nobbs;
Hobbs nobs with Snobbs and robs Nobbs' fobs.
‘This is,' says Nobbs, ‘the worst of Hobbs' jobs,' and Snobbs sobs.'[23]
Victorian Apothecary Remedies Spray
Rice Tea
Diarrhea was a common complaint in the 1800s. Gabriel Furman was an American lawyer, historian, and politician from New York. He documented many health remedies and cures for several illnesses, of which diarrhea was one. He suggested a coffee-like beverage be made with 'a tea cup full of rice well burned.'[24] A full glass was to be taken every 20 to 30 minutes with a break of an hour or two. This was to be repeated four times and repeated as necessary.
Rum and Boiled Milk
Another cure by Furman that supposedly cured consumption consisted of equal proportions of Jamaican rum and boiled milk, sweetened with loaf sugar, and simmered together for fifteen minutes. Everyday a wine glass of this concoction was to be taken with warm milk.
Rum and Spirits of Turpentine
This cure also comes from Furman but could be flammable if you got too close to a fire. It was a combination of rum and spirits of turpentine that was rubbed on the sufferer night and morning 'down the neck and chin.'[25]
Sheep Sorrel
Cancer could supposedly be cured with common sheep sorrel that grew in fields. After gathering sheep sorrel, it was pounded, placed on a pewter plate, and put in the sun. The heat from the sun turned the sorrel it into a salve, which was then applied to cancerous areas.
Stimulating Drinks and Whipping
Another cure suggested by Abbott was for poisoning by opium, laudanum, morphine, paregoric, and sleeping mixtures. The cure was stimulating drinks, such as coffee, and, additionally, Abbott said the person should be kept warm, breathing, and 'awake by whipping if necessary.'[26]
Victorian Apothecary Remedies For Sale
Sugar, Salt, and Water
This cure also comes from Furman and was supposedly effective for cholera sufferers, like Madame Récamier who died from it. It was a mixture of sugar, salt, and water, which was drank in large amounts.
Old Bottles of Chloroform. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Cold Water
Cold water was prescribed for fevers in several different ways in Yeoman's book. Another doctor claimed that if a person's temperature 'be steadily above 98°… and should there be no pulmonic affection, or general profuse sweating, and the patient does not say he is chilly, you may take him from the bed, and pour a pail of cold water over him. After this cold effusion, the patient must be dried and placed in bed; and as soon as he grows hot again, the same plan may be resorted to. This makes him exceedingly comfortable, frequently induces perspiration and sends the patient to sleep, and occasionally it stops the fever.'[11]
Condom
A doctor by the named of I.E. Shute tried everything to stop a nosebleed and 'finally thought of inflating a condom in the cavity.'[12] It was first greased and then a soft catheter pushed into it before that was pushed into the nostril and inflated. The condom was left there over night and the next morning the bleeding stopped. Shute also said he used a condom twice to staunch the blood flow in gunshot wounds and on several occasion as a tampon.
Crowfoot Plant
There were numerous health remedies to destroy warts, but one that was said to be effective involved a crowfoot plant, such a buttercup, as it was claimed to be a slow, but effective method. The procedure was 'on breaking the stalk of the crowfoot plant in two, a drop of milky juice will be observed to hang on the upper part of the stem; if this be allowed to drop on a wart, so that it be well saturated with the juice, in about three or four dressing the warts will die.'[13]
Epsom or Glauber's Salts
In 1896, Lyman Abbott compiled a two-volume book for household use titled The House and Home. In the book an article titled 'Hygiene in the Home' was written by J. West Roosevelt, M.D, that discussed poisoning. One of the suggestions Roosevelt gave was that if someone was poisoned by lead, the best remedy was large doses of Epsom or Glauber's salts and stimulating drinks, such as coffee.
Flower of Sulphur
To protect against toothache and prevent bad breath, one suggestion was to brush after dinner with a hard toothbrush using flowers of sulphur as they had anti-fungal and antiseptic properties and therefore may have been beneficial to the teeth.
Flour
Burns and scalds were said to be helped with flour. According to Yeoman, 'No cold application ought ever to be employed; it may allay the pain for a short time, but it will only be for a short time; for, as the cold application becomes warm, the pain returns and becomes intolerable.'[14] Instead, the suggestion was flour be 'dusted on with a dredger, and … thickly strewed over the injured part, and some little distance beyond it, as frequently the inflammation of the skin spreads farther than … expected.'[15] The flour dusted part was then wrapped in a cambric or thin linen handkerchief.
Ginger Root
This could be used as syrup or tincture and was said to be a stimulant for gout, colic, or indigestion. It also served as an adjunct to 'griping purgatives.' Interestingly, ginger and ginger root are still used today for indigestion and for nausea relief, particularly in pregnant women.
Horseradish
Horseradish is better known as a pungent companion of roast beef than a medicinal cure, but doctors in Yeoman's book claimed it possessed many valuable properties, especially for rheumatism and dropsy. It was also claimed to be effective for chronic hoarseness. The recipe for hoarseness was simple: one drachm of scraped horseradish combined with two ounces of boiling water. This created a syrup and the patient's dose was 'a teaspoonful taken often and slowly, so that it may glide gradually over the back part of the throat and top of the windpipe.'[16]
Iodine
Some practitioners in Yeoman's book considered iodine to possess expectorant properties and ordered patients to inhale it.
Lemon Juice
G. O. Rees, M.D. suggested that to aid chronic rheumatism sufferers should use applications of lemon juice, from one to two ounces every four to six hours. Rees claimed:
'[He had] used lemon-juice with very great advantage. I allude to such as are connected with deposit of lithate of soda in and about the smaller joints … the continued use of lemon-juice in combination with small doses of the tincture of the sesquichloride of iron, and in several instances have effected absorption of deposits which have resisted all other plans of treatment. A case of the above description was lately reported to me, in which like success attended the administration of the lemon-juice alone. The patient, a lady, had been a cripple for several years, and was eventually restored by persevering in the use of the remedy for six or eight weeks.'[17]
Limit Star Gazing
Some doctors claimed that 'without sufficient intervals of repose'[18] eyesight could be dimmed, damaged, or complete lost when reading in moonlight or when gazing at the moon, even with a telescope. So, the recommendation was to limit star gazing.
Mercury
Mercury was dispensed in little blue pills, known as 'blue mass.' It was prescribed for apoplexy (stroke or hemorrhage), constipation, depression, melancholy, toothache, and venereal disease. Sufferers were supposed to take one pill twice or three times a day. Of course, such doses, today would amount to levels deemed unsafe and result in mercury poisoning.
Muriatic Acid
One preparation for the removal of freckles included muriatic acid. The mixture was one drachm of muriatic acid, one pint of distilled water, and two drachms of eau de cologne (a perfume from Cologne, Germany). This was then applied with a sponge to a cleansed face and neck two or three times a day.
Victorian Apothecary Remedies Reviews
Myrrh
In the 1800s, many people objected to brushing their teeth both morning and night. However, one dentist suggested that if you had to choose, brush at night. The dentist suggested using a 'tolerably hard brush,' brushing more at the back of the mouth than the front, and using 'a tea-spoonful of tincture of myrrh to a tumbler of [warm] water.'[19] The dentist had a reason for brushing at night versus the morning:
'[T]eeth have the accumulations of the day on and around them; during the night the doors and windows of the room are closed, and probably we are snugly ensconced in bed, with the curtains drawn closely around us — a very bad practice, by the way — and thus we are inhaling a heated and unwholesome atmosphere … and all the deposit which should have been removed is diligently engaged in its work of destruction.'[20]
Victorian Apothecary Remedies Natural
Myrrh. Courtesy of Wikipedia.
Oatmeal Paste
This was prescribed for chapped hands and consisted of 4 ounces of lard, 6 ounces honey, 8 ounces oatmeal, 3 egg yolks, and 1 ounce powdered gum arable. The honey and gum were mixed first, followed by the eggs and the lard. The well mixed combination was added to the oatmeal to form a paste. Supposedly, when used it left 'the skin exceedingly soft and supple.'[21]
Mustard Poultice
A poultice is a warm, moist mass, made from herbs, and spread on a cloth or over the skin to relieve aching, inflamed, or painful spots on the body. In this case, a mustard poultice, made from powdered mustard was recommended for an inflamed sore throat.
Reading Aloud with the Teeth Closed
If you stammered, the suggestion was to read aloud with your teeth closed for two hours a day, for three or four months.
Recital
If you lisped, doctors had a cure. It was the RAPID and emphatic recital of the following as it was claimed it prove to be 'an infallible cure for lisping.'[22]
'Hobbs meets Snobbs and Kobbs;
Hobbs bobs to Snobbs and Nobbs;
Hobbs nobs with Snobbs and robs Nobbs' fobs.
‘This is,' says Nobbs, ‘the worst of Hobbs' jobs,' and Snobbs sobs.'[23]
Victorian Apothecary Remedies Spray
Rice Tea
Diarrhea was a common complaint in the 1800s. Gabriel Furman was an American lawyer, historian, and politician from New York. He documented many health remedies and cures for several illnesses, of which diarrhea was one. He suggested a coffee-like beverage be made with 'a tea cup full of rice well burned.'[24] A full glass was to be taken every 20 to 30 minutes with a break of an hour or two. This was to be repeated four times and repeated as necessary.
Rum and Boiled Milk
Another cure by Furman that supposedly cured consumption consisted of equal proportions of Jamaican rum and boiled milk, sweetened with loaf sugar, and simmered together for fifteen minutes. Everyday a wine glass of this concoction was to be taken with warm milk.
Rum and Spirits of Turpentine
This cure also comes from Furman but could be flammable if you got too close to a fire. It was a combination of rum and spirits of turpentine that was rubbed on the sufferer night and morning 'down the neck and chin.'[25]
Sheep Sorrel
Cancer could supposedly be cured with common sheep sorrel that grew in fields. After gathering sheep sorrel, it was pounded, placed on a pewter plate, and put in the sun. The heat from the sun turned the sorrel it into a salve, which was then applied to cancerous areas.
Stimulating Drinks and Whipping
Another cure suggested by Abbott was for poisoning by opium, laudanum, morphine, paregoric, and sleeping mixtures. The cure was stimulating drinks, such as coffee, and, additionally, Abbott said the person should be kept warm, breathing, and 'awake by whipping if necessary.'[26]
Victorian Apothecary Remedies For Sale
Sugar, Salt, and Water
This cure also comes from Furman and was supposedly effective for cholera sufferers, like Madame Récamier who died from it. It was a mixture of sugar, salt, and water, which was drank in large amounts.
Tobacco
Tobacco was thought to have curative properties, and its leaves were used to heal cuts, cure leprosy, and help gunshot wounds. However, sometime around the late 1820s, mistrust about tobacco began and people began to be more careful and measure dosages. There were tinctures, salves, infusions and sometimes doses were applied through the rectum if you suffered from tetanus, worms, hydrophobia, constipation, or hernia. It was also smoked to prevent inflammation of the throat and nose. You could also apply tobacco juice to poisonous bites, and, according to Yeoman, it worked better than garlic on bee stings because tobacco relieved pain and reduced swelling. The recommendation was to 'find it in the mouth-end of a smoked cigar, or in the reservoir of a German pipe. … The substance recommended is not, it must be remarked, the juice, but the empyreumatic oil; which … is a much more energetic poison than the juice.'[27]
Toads
Numerous health remedies involved toads as they were a common cure throughout the 1700s for a variety of diseases and supposedly cure everything from dropsy to bed wetting, scrofula, cancer, colic, inflammation, headaches, nose bleeds, smallpox, and quinsy. The toad was used in various forms: sometimes parts of the frog were cut off, sometimes it was cooked or boiled and eaten, and sometimes it was dried and converted into a powder that was used both internally and externally. Click here if you're interested in learning more about Toads and toad doctors.
References:
- [1] Bell, John, M.D., Water, as a Preservative of Health, and a Remedy in Diseases: A Treatise on Baths, 1859, p. 13.
- [2] Bell, John, M.D., p. 14.
- [3] Ibid., p. 349.
- [4] Yeoman, Thomas Harrison, M.D., The People's Medical Journal and Family Physician, Vol. 1-4, 1850, p. 172.
- [5] Ibid., p. 85.
- [6] Ibid., p. 86.
- [7] Ibid., p. 141.
- [8] Ibid., p. 48.
- [9] Ibid., p. 58.
- [10] Simpson, Sir James Young, Anaesthesia, Hospitalism, Hermaphroditism, and a Proposal to Stamp Out Small-pox and Other Contagious Diseases, 1871, p. 210.
- [11] Yeoman, Thomas Harrison, M.D., p. 20.
- [12] Medical Summary, 1899, p. 279.
- [13] Beeton's Dictionary of practical recipes and every-day information, 1871, p. 340.
- [14] Yeoman, Thomas Harrison, M.D. p. 204.
- [15] Ibid. p. 205.
- [16] Ibid., p. 174.
- [17] Ibid., p. 197.
- [18] Ibid., p. 191.
- [19] Ibid., p. 42.
- [20] Reynolds's Miscellany of Romance, General Literature, Science, Volumes 3-4, 1850, p. 319.
- [21] Yeoman, Thomas Harrison, M.D. p. 7.
- [22] The Family Herald, Vols. 7-8, 1849, p. 496.
- [23] Ibid.
- [24] The Story Behind the Man: Gabriel Furman, on The Herbal Truth
- [25] Ibid.
- [27] Practical Druggist and Pharmaceutical Review of Reviews, Volume 30, 1912, p. 37.
- [28] Yeoman, Thomas Harrison, M.D. p. 207.
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