Henry II was fatally injured by the Count of Montgomery during a jousting tournament. He died on July 10th, 1559.
Born in 1519, the future Henry II married Catherine de Medici in 1533 when they were both 14 years old. His father, King Francis I, reportedly supervised the consummation, announcing they had both shown valour in the ‘joust'. Catherine was rich but not pretty and Henry was soon in the arms of Diane de Poitiers, a beautiful, ambitious widow in her mid-thirties who became almost a queen behind the scenes. Henry had other mistresses but his two other great loves were hunting and jousting. He succeeded his father to the French throne on his 28th birthday in 1547 and in 1558 his and Catherine's eldest son, the stunted and sickly Francis, was married to Mary, Queen of Scots, who had been brought up in France by her mother's family, the Guises, to keep her out of the hands of the English. The French intended through her to acquire the Scottish throne.
Meanwhile, the new king was her 15-year-old son Francis II, husband of Mary, but he died within 12 months, in 1560, to be succeeded by his younger brother the 10-year-old Charles IX. Mary, her potential usefulness to the House of Valois at an end, was no longer welcome and left for Scotland in 1561.
- Francis II of France was the eldest son of King Henry II and Catherine de' Medici. He was a sickly child with stunted growth. His father got him betrothed to Mary, Queen of Scots, when he was 4 years old. This gave him the right to the throne of Scotland and assured the Scots protection of the French against the British.
- Henry II of France was a monarch who ruled France from 1547 to 1559. During his reign, he hugely suppressed the Protestant movement. He was born in the royal Chateau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris. His father was King Francis I, who was captured a few years after his birth.
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In June 1559 a tournament lasting several days was held in Paris to celebrate a peace treaty between France and Spain. King Henry was to enter the lists before a glittering audience of lords and ladies, including Queen Catherine, Diane de Poitiers and Mary, Queen of Scots. Victorian apothecary remedies. Henry had started suffering giddiness after physical exertion and Catherine tried to persuade him not to joust. Yet he acquitted himself well, sporting Diane's colours as usual, until the young Count of Montgomery, of his Scottish Guard, almost unseated him. Queen Catherine, the Duke of Savoy and other friends tried to persuade the king to leave the lists, as the day was virtually over. Henry, however, insisted on another contest with Montgomery, who did his best to refuse. Montgomery's lance struck the king's helmet and a long splinter pierced Henry's eye and penetrated his brain.
The king reeled in his saddle and gentlemen close by rushed to help him off his horse and out of his armour. Bleeding profusely and almost unconscious, he was carried to his apartments in the Château des Tournelles. Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador, who was watching, wrote: ‘I noted him to be very weak, and to have the sense of all his limbs almost benumbed, for being carried away, as he lay all along, he moved neither hand nor foot, but lay as one amazed.'
Montgomery hurried to kneel before the king and asked to have his head and hand cut off in punishment, but Henry magnanimously told him that it was not his fault and he had carried himself bravely and well. The royal doctors removed the splinter from the king's eye and others that had pierced his head and throat and bled the patient who relapsed into unconsciousness. It was hoped that the loss of the eye was the worst that would happen, but even though the royal surgeon, Ambroise Paré, was joined by another celebrated medical man, Andreas Vesalius, sent from Brussels by King Philip of Spain, Henry's condition grew worse.
Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology apa citation 7th edition. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. D H Bergey; Robert Earle Buchanan; N E Gibbons; American Society for Microbiology.;. APA (6th ed.) Chicago (Author-Date, 15th ed.) Harvard (18th ed.) MLA (7th ed.). (non-Latin) Cancel. Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. D H Bergey; John G Holt; et al. APA (6th ed.) Chicago (Author-Date, 15th ed.) Harvard (18th ed.) MLA (7th ed.). (non-Latin) Cancel. Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting.
Catherine took command, kept watch by her husband's bedside and refused to allow Diane de Poitiers into the room. On July 9th the last rites were administered and the king died early in the afternoon of the following day. He was 40 years old.
Diane de Poiters was banished from court and ordered to return all the jewels Henry had given her. Montgomery prudently retired to his estate in Normandy. He became a Protestant and in time Catherine de Medici, who hated him, would take the opportunity to have him beheaded in 1574. Meanwhile, the new king was her 15-year-old son Francis II, husband of Mary, but he died within 12 months, in 1560, to be succeeded by his younger brother the 10-year-old Charles IX. Mary, her potential usefulness to the House of Valois at an end, was no longer welcome and left for Scotland in 1561. Catherine said of Charles: ‘After God, he recognised no one but me.' He lasted until 1574 and was succeeded by yet another brother, Henry III. With her sons on the throne and by now having a shrewd know-ledge of the court, Catherine took the opportunity to become the dominant figure in the tumultuous French politics of the time, almost until her death in 1589.
Large families were a plus for royalty and nobility in the Medieval era. Infant and child mortality was high and whether or not a child survived to adulthood was a matter of luck. Sons who survived could hope to inherit some or all of their family's domains, but would also serve as commanders, governors or in whatever other position was needed. Daughters were vital for forging marriage alliances through marriage. Nor was being illegitimate necessarily a bar to advancement. The illegitimate son of a king still bore royal blood and could inherit land or titles. King's daughters by unofficial unions could also hope to marry well. To that end, many Plantagenet kings had large families, both official and otherwise, who in turn had large families, which makes for plenty of drama and intrigue. The children of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who are somewhat familiar from the movie The Lion in Winter, are a case in point.Eleanor had been married before, to Louis VII of France. She had two daughters by him, Marie and Alix. When Louis and Eleanor divorced, Louis kept custody of the girls, though they maintained a relationship with their mother. Then Eleanor married Henry, and the childbearing began in earnest. Their first son William IX, Count of Poitiers, died as a toddler (1153-1156). The other children lived to grow up, including. Henry the Young King (1155-1183); Matilda, Duchess of Saxony and Bavaria (1156-1189); Richard I the Lionheart (1157-1199); Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (1158-1186); Eleanor, Queen of Castile (1162-1214); Joanna, Queen of Sicily (1165-1199); and John, King of England (1166-1216). Three Kings, two queens, a Duchess, a Duke, and a Count. Henry was intended as his father's heir, taking England, Normandy and Anjou, which is why he was crowned a junior king in his father's lifetime. This didn't sit too well with Richard and Geoffrey. Richard was heir to his mother's domains, including Aquitaine and Poitou, but he also wanted his father's inheritance. So did Geoffrey, who was Duke of Brittany by right of his wife. John, who would have to be content with land in Ireland if he got anything at all, was hurt at being left out. Henry, Richard and Geoffrey started a civil war that turned into a rebellion against their own father. It was in this atmosphere that Henry called his Christmas court at Chinon in 1183 as depicted in the movie.
An often-told story about Henry II is that he once showed a visitor a tapestry or a mural in the Palace of Winchester that showed an adult eagle being cannibalized by its own offspring. Henry explained that his own sons would do the same to him and he died fighting Richard. But for all their squabbling, the Plantagenet siblings would stand together against a common foe. Richard bailed his sister Joanna out of her dispute over her dowry with her husband's successor, Tancred of Sicily. After the Crusade, he was trying to reach the safety of the domains of his brother-in-law, Henry the Lion of Saxony, when fate in the form of Leopold of Austria got in the way. Eleanor, who would survive all but two of her children, had to rally support for Richard during his absence on crusade, while keeping John at bay. It makes for good movies and novels but would have been a hazardous life for anyone who aroused the ire of the power couple of the age or their brood of ravenous eaglets.
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